Medieval Education Systems in Western

 Medieval Comparison of Chinese and Western education system (on)
Young Teacher Group of the Middle Ages is a diversified institutional structure of education, mainly in the church, monarchy and secular opposition as the main feature multiple. China is a unitary structure of the medieval educational system, the state ran schools for the led, private school is always the official school of the client, both for authoritarian politics. so in the course content, ideological values, educational achievements aspects, in the West are huge differences, and finally the West breakthrough Church Theology of control, steering secular humanism , the University has become a base for freedom of thought at that time, train a large number of cultural giants of independent personality, and promote the European Renaissance and Reformation, calmly out of the Middle Ages. while China's education system has remained in the shadow of authoritarian rule under the Millennium The main is to train a group of hack writer, not out of the traditional culture of the cycle, not out of the Middle Ages. the Middle Ages in the Western education system very different to the social development of their educational achievement also had a completely different effect. in the comparison study among people interesting revelation, to find out the needs of China's modernization, many of the lessons of history.
First, the structure of education system of the early Middle Ages
study, Christian education at that time almost monopolized .6 century, Christian education gradually beyond the scope of the family and to schools. There are two types: one is attached convent school, and second, sponsored by the Church and government schools in .789, the Charlemagne issued a notice, requiring the establishment of schools around the church, delete the relevant set of books, so that children in the diocese learning. The notice is called , astronomy, grammar and other knowledge.
7-8 century, the gradual rise of secular education in Western Europe, particularly in more developed in Ireland and England. The European continent gradually developed secular education, but also thanks to Charlemagne, which promote and support. He employ well-known educator, founded the palace school, also issued an order requires the secularization of education and popularization, education and national education awards the Church, protect the general learning skills, encourage the collection and study of classical writings, and even ordered the closure of simple neglect of the Christian education national education schools, schools that opened the first of its kind from religious domination. With the rise of the medieval city in Western Europe, the development of public education in urban schools were established. City schools divided into two kinds: one for the upper members of the public that the establishment of industrial and commercial operators schools, such as grammar schools and the like, the service life of the public interest in free reading and writing needs. The second is to lower the public mainly artisans set up the school children, school classes, such as guilds, to train skilled workers. secularization of public education is the latter half of the Middle Ages an important aspect of education, it has greatly shaken the Christian dominance in education, in order to lay the foundation for the modernization of education.
particularly important, with the development of the medieval city, with the European the open human eye, the original mode of education can not meet the needs of the emerging bourgeoisie. Renaissance, the public class rediscovered the ancient Greek philosophy and Roman law of natural science as against the monopoly of the church thinking of the important weapons . In order to compete with the church school, class, modeled on the ancient Greek people, sense of the late University of .11, the first a university is the University of Salerno, Italy, the first of a medical school. then Italy, Polonia University, the University of Paris, France, Britain and other famous Oxford University hh University was founded. the first 12 universities in Europe, where Italy 8 .13 century, cities have founded universities, university education have mushroomed to thrive, or participate in the creation of the Church also.
University was originally organized as a line will be license, teachers and students organized a social group. The first is nothing but a combination of private rooms, is a freedom of academic research group, later becoming a formal educational institutions. is a consortium of learning services, such as a book traders, messengers, drug manufacturers, copying, or even the landlord can be a member of the University. They will be the same as the other lines, organized to protect their interests. many universities as an autonomous organization, local authorities and the church has maintained relative independence. but also the creation of a number of universities for the church, such as the University of Paris from the Notre Dame Seminary from development. The management model can be divided into two categories: Polonia students from the University of the main model, the students form a committee, the election the principals, to develop charter, employment and supervision of teachers, teaching plan arrangements. University of Paris, the main mode of teachers by teachers to form guilds, elected president, to develop charter arrangements for teaching .14 century, the main mode of students gradually decline. or the organization of students and teachers began the joint, elected president, management teaching.
privilege is independent and autonomous university unyielding struggle to win through, and all the old European universities, which are not related to the extraordinary never experienced the struggle . such as the University of Paris at the church and secular forces in a double attack, their autonomy is difficult and long road, and even pay a bloody price of .1229, the Bishop of Paris by the students and the public conflict, the students sued Regent Queen Mother ordered the arrest of students, students and police confrontation in many casualties. teachers and students stormed the strike, and spread out of Paris. to 1231, two years of strikes huge embarrassment to the authorities, the last pope to mediate Ge Lige in IX, The origin of the papal jurists to create and maintain the Inquisition, the Pope is known for privileges, but it is a university he published certainly the University of Paris have teaching, strike, freedom of association, and other degree-granting self-determination. The independence granted by the Charter of the Pope himself, the Bishop of the University of Paris out of control of the ultimate self-government bodies to obtain legal status, that status has also been King's endorsement. Since then, the struggle also have occurred, and continues to this day the tradition of independent self-government, University of Paris, the French tree of life, it absorbs the best teachers in Europe and the best students.
In addition, Another example is Italy, Polonia University, from the early 12th century Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I obtain a license there, like, free from the jurisdiction of the city of Polonia. But the municipal authorities want to limit the freedom of professors, and even interfere with titles grant, a series of conflicts triggered by the strike, causing students and teachers move away from home. authorities were forced to make concessions, University of Bologna in 1278 finally received the legal right of independent self-government. Britain's Oxford University, Cambridge, also in the struggle to maintain their own autonomy, or even had the mayor released from the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, president of the church events. The University of the centuries, though the roads are quite bumpy, they are both against the church, but also against the king, all kinds of fierce fighting , but ultimately out of control of religious power and the throne, or in the Middle Ages as a religion, the secular power to keep pace with cultural forces, become independent and autonomous, free thinking of the base, as the cradle of the Renaissance, a Western education First Signs of modernization.
In summary, the formation of the Western Middle Ages is a pluralistic structure of education, of which the Church, monarchy and secular opposition as the main feature multiple. pre-school to the church-led, post-secular schools led to the city . In particular, the emergence of the university, and its fighting forces from time to time with the church, and sometimes struggle with the royal forces, their use of the king's charter against the Church to control, and protection against the king by the Pope and other traditional forces. University of competition in these two rights out of the cracks in the control of religious power and kingship and independent, in Europe as to keep pace with the Church and kingship of the three forces. on the power structure in Europe since the Middle Ages, people often Caesar, Renaissance finally broke the monopoly of the Church and the throne, secular gradually gained the status of independent schools, reflecting the folk wisdom of self-education model and strength.
China in the Warring States, Qin began to set Dr. systems, mainly the Han dynasty of their daily duty is to Han so the students said that reaches up to three million people. Sui in the central set Imperial College, Explorer, national levels, all kinds of official school. The central government school a junior sub-school, Imperial College, four science, calligraphy, arithmetic, and law school, a ; Six . North Song Jingqing calendar set up schools, Xifeng up schools, Chong Ningxing study, further complete official school system, Imperial College and the implementation of the Expanded method three homes, but also increased the martial arts of painting and other specialized education. Yuan Official Central rule in the context of its national characteristics and real needs, set three national sub-study (by Mongolia, back to back sub-study), recruitment of all handsome school. strengthen the authoritarian rule of the Ming Dynasty, the establishment of independent administrative system of education, strengthen the control of education. Central Official system has two capitals of the Imperial College, the case study, and martial arts, yin and yang, medicine and so on. Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming Dynasty, the central government school system, Imperial College has six halls, and Li set arithmetic, school flag, the Russian school, Okinawa school. cases House scribe who were school based, Cox Law School. Jingshan established the Imperial Household Department Official Li, Haman House official school, back to Myanmar Official. In addition, the Tang of Disaster Intuit ancient science, astronomy Astronomical there, too hospital medicine, music is there to teach Square Division. Central government education system has been very heterogeneous.
local government schools, and Shujun Han Dynasty when the emperor began Weng Wen Prefecture, Sichuan Quan Xue re-teach the formation of custom. Wu Di, School officials are set. together a (466 years) to develop the first local gun academic model provides the size of the school setting with school officials, teachers and students of employment standards, marking the ancient Chinese education system, local officials established norms. Sui and local officials have the government school school, state school, county school. Song Zhu Lu school officials set to strengthen the management of local education, experience plays up schools movement, formed throughout the country's official school network, its size and the number of far more than the Han, Tang. Ming and Qing place Official is all over the country, and focused.
Spring and Autumn Period, although private school was booming, but reform of the late Warring States began banning Legalism, Qin, the Han to the Ming and Qing, civil private school generally relative Official supplement it with some auxiliary to history of the private schools Private Schools of education the most typical. The Han Dynasty private academic teaching, the main added at official places of education is weak. Southern Dynasties private schools rise and fall with the official school of the rise and fall corresponds to, is out of troubled world of turmoil, rather than private school really development growth. Tang Dynasty set up private schools to allow grassroots, but also make local officials to learn enough. Private College in the early Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty, the rise of the recovery, but also due to weak local officials learn. Song, began to subject the Government began the College Official of the Yuan Dynasty rulers to further strengthen the control of the College, the College evolved into a number of local officials in school, many college building official updates have become a vassal state examinations. Yezhi Qing Ming in the early, private school college again rise, because the original The official school system can not effectively complete the training task of statecraft talent, there can not overcome its own shortcomings, which need to draw on the private School of this form.'s College not replace the official study, but can accommodate the range of official , the lack of official school to play the role of complement. Qing prohibit other creators College, Yongzheng seasonal provincial official establishment College, the College re-entry into the official school of the process, to the Qianlong period, the style of study of textual criticism turn, the rise of popular jia School the country. Meanwhile, we from the main content of the College of Education, various aspects of educational thought, but also know its mainly play a supporting role in government schools, and can not form an independent private school culture and education system.
Therefore, the Chinese Middle school completion is the unitary structure, the state ran schools as the leading, private school College for supporting the education system for the autocratic politics of intensive services. Its characteristic is that the surface there are officials and Private Schools in the binary system, but in essence, private school is always is the official school of the client, private schools do not have to break the idea of Official rule, and no confrontation with the power of school officials. So their private school does not seek independence, in fact, learn more official auxiliary tools. From the above characteristics, the completion of China's medieval education unitary structure is a closed system, and the operation of the millennium is not a qualitative change.